![]() (The surface cold front in this location may sharpen during subsequent deepening of the cyclone as air from the cold conveyor belt sweeps around the southern flank of the cyclone center.) The open triangles denote the upper cold θ w front (UCF), marking the leading edge of the dry intrusion. (The sharp SCF is in two parts, the northern part being a bent-back extension of the warm front.) Widely spaced cold front symbols on a wavy curve denote the diffuse surface cold front (no abrupt changes, no precipitation, no cloud signature). Standard cold front notation denotes sharp surface cold front (SCF), associated with a sharp wind veer, an abrupt drop in θ w and narrow line convection. The surface warm front is shown by the standard notation (cold-conveyor-belt air ahead of the warm front has a system-relative motion toward the west and contributes to most of the precipitation-producing ascent within the cloud head). Solid lines denote sea level isobars scalloped line denotes edge of major cloud features (cloud head, thinly stippled polar front cloud, thickly stippled: rain, large dots) and dashed line is the boundary of dry intrusion (the dry intrusion is seen as a dry slot in the satellite imagery it overruns a shallow moist zone of higher θ w and undercuts rear edge of polar front cloud). Structure of rapidly deepening frontal cyclone in northwestern Europe at stage of frontal fracture ( Browning and Roberts 1994). Lower sequence: temperature (solid), and cold and warm air currents (solid and dashed arrows, respectively). ![]() Upper sequence: sea level pressure (solid), fronts (bold), and cloud signature (shaded). Phase III: bent-back front and frontal T-bone. Phase I: incipient broad-scale baroclinic zone. Model of frontal-cyclone evolution ( Shapiro and Keyser 1990). ![]()
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